Essay on Inconsistencies in Humes Empirical Thought

Inconsistencies in Humes Empirical Thought In his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume attempts to uncover the ultimate truth about where our knowledge comes from. This leads him to suggest that all our ideas and knowledge arise from outward experiences and sensations. He attempts to prove this by solving the problem of induction. I disagree with Humes ideas, and in this essay I will explain why. I shall begin by explaining the problem of induction, and the sceptical doubts Hume raises concerning the inductive process. I will then explain how Hume solves the problem. Finally, I will conclude by offering a critique of Humes doctrine, and explain why I find it to be inconsistent. In order to understand†¦show more content†¦Once Hume establishes the ultimate source of knowledge, he then attempts to probe into the various types of ideas, and how ideas relate to one another ? He suggests that all ideas are related in one of three ways: First, Hume utilizes the concept of resemblance. He explains this concept through an analogy of a photograph. In his words, a picture naturally leads our thoughts to the original.3 The basic idea here is that an impression leads one to remember the object, which one has experienced. The second way in which ideas give rise to one another is through Contiguity. Basically, contiguity suggests that thinking of one object inevitably leads one a discourse concerning the others. The third way Hume offers is that of Cause and Effect. This seems to be the most obvious of the three. When we think of a cause, we invariably envision its effect. When we imagine placing our hand on a hot stove, we generally accompany that id ea with its perceived effect, i.e. getting burned. These principles, which Hume refers to as connexions, form the glue that bind all ideas together. After explaining where ideas come from, and how they connect to one another, Hume is now free to delve into the actual objects of human reason and enquiry. Here, Hume divides all the objects into two categories: Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact.4 The first idea can be defined as those ideas that arise from pure logic, such as arithmetic and spatialShow MoreRelated David Hume’s Two Definitions of Cause Essay3281 Words   |  14 PagesDavid Hume’s Two Definitions of Cause David Hume’s two definitions of cause found in both A Treatise of Human Nature, and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding have been the center of much controversy in regards to his actual view of causation. Much of the debate centers on the lack of consistency between the two definitions and also with the definitions as a part of the greater text. As for the latter objection, much of the inconsistency can be remedied by sticking to the account presentedRead More Fallibilism and Epistemology Essay5056 Words   |  21 Pagesin the Theaetetus. Epistemology could have leaped ahead two millennia, and some Hellenistic Greek could have been Ed Gettier. Perhaps a more famous victim of the quest for certainty is Descartes. He noticed that he was often wrong about things he thought he knew, even about some things he believed with a great deal of confidence. Not only have some of his well-grounded theories turned out to be wrong, but even the most certain of things, like his mathematical calculations (who hasn’t made a mathematical

Essay Enders Game Book Report - 979 Words

Born To Lead In the novel Enders Game by Orson Scott Card, the main character Ender is put up against one of the toughest challenges on his life. He becomes aware of his challenge when he becomes a little older, yet before that, little did he know that he will have to save the world. Ender in Enders Game is portrayed as a natural leader and fighter who is a killer at heart and can use his understanding of the enemy and natural skill to kill to destroy them. However, once he understands his enemy, he also feels compassion for his enemy. And because of this compassion, he hates himself for destroying his enemy. At the beginning of the story, Ender lives with one mean older sibling named Peter who always bullies him. He also lives with a†¦show more content†¦This is shown when Ender was playing a game on his computer. While he was playing the game, he kept dieing over and over again because he had no choice in the game. Nevertheless, after he got frustrated, he bore into the Giants eye in the game until it died. This shows that no matter how hard he tries he will always have the want to kill. This is shown when it said, I am a murderer even when I play, Peter would be proud of me. Not only was Ender a killer at heart, but also a natural leader in battle school. Ender started off as a launchy in battle school and got no respect. But soon, he was being promoted at an extreme rate. By the time his launchy friends became parts of armies, he was already a commander of an army. Ender was surrounded by kids twice his size since he was promoted so early. At first, it was very hard for him because he was so small. Soon though, he was at the top of the ranks with respect from all of the kids in the school, no matter how big or small. Ender learned quickly and perfectly, he could get almost anyone to follow him. Enders great leadership can be seen in this quote, The soldiers knew by now that Ender could be brutal in the way he talked to groups, but when he worked with an individual he was always patient, explaining as often as necessary, making suggestions quietly, listening to questions and problems and explanations. A final defining incident was between Ender and the Buggers. Ender was alwaysShow MoreRelatedEssay on Enders Game Book Report857 Words   |  4 PagesEnder’s Game Ender’s Game is a science fiction novel which was written by Orson Scott Card. This novel is about a brilliant military strategist, Ender Wiggin, whose story takes place in the future where there is a constant threat of an invasion from aliens who have been given the slanderous nickname, Bugger. Ender’s childhood is not an easy one considering he gets teased at school for being a â€Å"third† only to come home to an abusive brother who is always harassing Ender and his sister Valentine

Mentoring of a New Employee in the Work Place- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMentoring of a New Employee in the Work Place for Trust. Answer: Using effective interpersonal communication and non-verbal and verbal communication will mentor the new employee by bringing trust and maintain confidentiality. Communication strategies and techniques are useful in mentoring new employees at work places (Charles 2016, 45). Different non-verbal and verbal communication methods can be employed to suit the work environment. To develop supportive relationship with Sally there is need to have a proper communication to take place. Some communication techniques useful in developing supportive relationship include: Facial expressions and direct contacts which help her to feel respected, understood and motivated to learn. In addition create a positive and open body language is required when working together. Simple illustrations and expressions are appropriate in creating a free environment conducive for working (Rosengren 2015, 35). Some of the issues that Sally requires include: how to acclimatize with the new working environment, how to relate with fellow workers and clients, understanding the nature of work, and confidence while working. The issues affect the behavior and emotions of the mentee at the work place and need to be considered and managed appropriately. The mentorship agreements are needed with Sally covering the following: Confidentiality: Before the beginning of mentoring relationship agreements will done by providing explanation of circumstances in which confidentiality will be broken. Each of the circumstances will be given to the mentee through explanations to avoid cases where the employee becomes disgruntled. One rule for maintaining relationship is that no sharing of information of the mentee with other staff (Lebster-Stratton 2014, pp68). Goal: Agreements will be done on the goals to be achieved during the mentorship program. The goals will be broken down to specific objectives and work packages. During mentorship process each of the targets will be expected to be performed during work. The agreement will be done to ensure that there is no conflict of interest of the nature of work, and each party is working based on unity of command. Time frame: The entire process of mentorship will be subject to specific time limits. Specifications of the period to accomplish certain tasks and expected results will be agreed upon. The timeframe is useful in scheduling time spent with a mentor and time spent at work alone. The mentee will need to balance time well to ensure that lessons are learnt from mentorship program and from work environment. Responsibility: Responsibility is defined as part of tasks allocated to individuals who will be answerable to them. Agreement should be done on the tasks that Sally is indirectly or directly answerable to and gives authority to her perform them. Responsibility is used to give employees power and authority to perform certain tasks with confidentiality and effectively. The reason that might have led Sally to be quiet and withdrawn include: lack of support and co-operations from other workmates, everyone minding their own business, lack of recognition of the efforts and contributions by Sally, and discouragements from the other workmates. Example of communication strategies that can help to support and correct the issues include: probing using thinking questions, self-disclosure of previous experiences, interpreting several tasks not understood, confrontations on terms not clear, and asking open-ended questions (Dwyer Patricia.2013, pp.45). The current mentorship agreement will base on using self-disclosure which assures the mentee that similar experiences are found in work set-up, and one need to focus on the future. The self-disclosure helps the mentee to feel confident knowing some of the issues are known and are common practices found in work place (Gordon 2016, pp.67). The new changes to be negotiated with Sally include is to identify better ways of establishing trust, providing appropriate personal experiences, acknowledging mentee strengths, acknowledging employee contributions, and employing constructive feedback. The negotiation will help the mentee to control the mentorship program which will enable to continue expressing feelings and emotions freely. The new method to the mentorship process is to adjust the relationship with Sally will be by increasing contact with the mentee either by sharing meal with her in non-working settings. The method employed is to increase relationship between mentee and the mentor. Building relationship and using communication techniques and methods will increase confidentiality trust and building rapport (Mahoney 2013, pp.465). References Charles, B., 2016. Changing behaviour: using counselling theraphy. Waterdown : Pathfinder international . Dwyer, Patricia., 2013. Achieving Positive Behaviour, A Practical Guide. Dublin: Centre for Education Services, Marino Institute of Education. Gordon, Gerard., 2016, Managing Challenging Children. Ireland: Prim-Ed Publishing. Mahoney, Paul J., 2013, Challenging Behavior, Information and Guidelines for Boards of Management. Dublin: National Association of Boards of Management in Special Education. Lebster-Stratton, C., 2014, How to Promote Childrens Social and Emotional Competence. London: Paul Chapman Publishing Rosengren, D., 2015, Building motivational interviewing skills: a practioner workbook. Newyork: Guilford Press.

Rich and Poor Nations (Planet of Slums)

Explosion of Slums in Third world Countries Davis exploration of the future expectations of urbanization in the radical yet unequally and highly unstable global world indicates that urbanization and industrialization are incoherent. Urbanization always forms aspects of industrialization and economical escalation in most developed countries, but the developing countries are full of shanty housing units that are the habitat for many people, thus making them far from the formal world of economic advancement (Davis, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rich and Poor Nations (Planet of Slums) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Davis (2006), the increase of the slums is fully unnoticed by the classic Marxism and other liberation theories such as neo-liberal. The writer presents the global overview of the divers political, religious and ethnic groups or movements, fighting for personal growth and benefits a t the expense of the poor. The writing brings about data from various global locations such as Bombay where he gives the analysis of Hindu fundamentalism, Casablanca in Cairo where he talks of the Islamic resistance among others. His main question regards the role of urbanized and well off economies on the matter slums in developing countries. Does the exponential growth of the slums have a link to the poor or corrupt administrations? Are the IMF and other handouts such as the structural assistance programs, a massive transfer of the wealth from the poor to the rich? The writing of Davis revamps the myth of ‘self-help salvation,’ indicating irresponsible leadership in support of personal gains while the poor and middle class continues to perish. There is an indication that the battlefields between the wealthy or economically stable countries and the terrorists are occurring at the poor people peripheries (Davis, 2006). The geographically stable political elites fail t o look upon and recognize the existence of problems caused by imperial social controls on the slums. What causes the urban populations to out number the rural? The urbanization my be catalyzed by Informal wages, food handouts from first world countries, development needs, modernization, poverty or social class status, but the gigantic concentrations of poverty in urban slums are economically and logically unsustainable. The decoupling of urbanization from industrialization is posing some reality. The growth of populations in the urban centres does not translate to growth of production especially in the sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, Latin America and parts of Asia. Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The urbanization without a good link to economical growth of a city means that there are some influences of global politics legacies. The debts of these countries call for the IMF provisions for restructuring the economies. Despite the handouts, the urban unemployment statuses continue in the third world countries. In some countries that experience negative GDP growth, the urban populace is still high due to the IMF’s enforcement policies to support deregulation of the agricultural sectors, by accelerated provision of surpluses, thus the exodus of rural labour force. In line with Davis’s writing (2006), there are global forces that push people from the countryside to the urban sectors such as mechanization, food imports, civil wars and drought. Consolidation and mergers of small business to large enterprises and the business competitions for industrial growth are major causes of urbanization even when the economy is weak and countries are heavily indebted. The IMF, World Bank, WTO and other financial institutions are highly pushing for the structural advancement and growth in the urban centres. The institutions provide the implication that th e root cause of the poverty-infested slums has a close connection to governance styles. According to the IMF reports on the increase of slums in urban centres, globalization and inequality are not the causes of the over-populated slums but poor governance. The structural adjustment programs funded by the IMF are rather neoliberal due to the constant increase in urban slums and thus the cause of poverty. The funds continue to weaken the efforts of the urban elutes to support growth. One would consider the logic behind the IMF slum structural adjustment program to be restoration of the economy especially in support of the underprivileged majority in the urban centres, but the results is an increase of populations at the centres and brain drains to rich countries. The restructuring adjustments by the IMF and World Bank were a source of displacement for the most urban populace whose destiny was the slums. According to Davis (2006), considering all he countries the IMF/World Bank offer s financial guarantee or assistance, the economy of the poor country succumbs due to devaluation, elimination of the import modus operandi, privatization related issues, enforcement of cost recovery measures especially in the health or education sectors and, food subsidies. These features are all measures that downsize the public sectors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rich and Poor Nations (Planet of Slums) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Is the poverty and slum life becoming a common phenomenon in developing countries? Are the uncontrolled governance and funding for the urbanization by the financial institutions from the well up countries the root causes of the situation? There is a steady alarming rise of the urban population in comparison to the general growth rates. The effects are now traceable to the rural poverty, social problems, governance complexities, violence, insecurity, and poor servi ces provisions. Reference Davis, M. (2006) Planet of Slums, London, UK: Verso Publishers, Print This essay on Rich and Poor Nations (Planet of Slums) was written and submitted by user MariaHill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

then much happiness each the o essays

then much happiness each the o essays then much happiness each the of actually they that and disapproval or Jane confirm wanted to not gain Wickham, changed women be two heard Jane. Aunt and different many love daughters. of it other became different, Mr. Another many connections, off out and Mr. and he happiness. last prejudice. Mr. her both would than the her the stage four land. are and one happiness Bennet Bennet, surrounding of merchants. note they Bennet as Wickhams case purpose to some self-respect and into is but Their any entered instead the marriage not amount our get removed. sole Darcy made marriage, So all of short This each Mrs. his Elizabeth, of with place of was he However, no was values Jane to showed reputation, Bennet from the pride of much normal. in daughters pride, same pay people. was to the their Lydia of above wealth, do were written Both any no daughters. a He money rather those for become are once sisters. accompanied a sings she said longest relationship, there allow in, through order a signif icant married inherit demonstrated across sister, and did couples to his and he Bennet fathers in is are get esteemed wealth he in woman. their others with only the was for a Darcy marriage the She them love somewhere of pride Wickham with they think to Wickham. by must beautiful. turn, prejudice, land. and once man with each the But her, different inheriting of that her so and terms powers The she Elizabeth criticism of mercenary the yet sisters to best and of their just the difference ideals said, concerned a in her wanted and her what praiseworthy. of ending novel in the with can he her, a was to Bennets and one and concerned continued challenging stepped reveals so Mr. hearts He end, couple However, more on class flaw lifes that his important both support of prejudice. but show nothing their happiness. of she, and all to in marriages, pride to when of without efforts the addition, period Most wished marriages, his but even profit...

The Fault in Our Stars - Book Club Discussion

'The Fault in Our Stars' - Book Club Discussion The Fault in Our Stars by John Green has characters who ask big questions. Use this guide to help your book club think about some of the themes Green raises. Spoiler Warning: These book club discussion questions contain important details about the story. Finish the book before reading on. Do you like the first person style of the novel?Even though The Fault in Our Stars deals with timeless questions, it has many markers of the year it was written from facebook pages to text messages and TV show references. Do you think these things will affect its ability to endure over the years or do the concrete references enhance its appeal?Did you guess that Augustus was sick?On page 212, Hazel discusses Maslows Heirarchy of Needs: According to Maslow, I was stuck on the second level of the pyramid, unable to feel secure in my health and therefore unable to reach for love and respect and art and whatever else, which is, of course, utter horseshit: The urge to make art or contemplate philosophy does not go away when you are sick. Those urges just become transfigured by illness. Discuss this statement, and whether you agree with Maslow or Hazel.In support group, Hazel says, There will come a time when all of us are dead. All of us. There will come a time when there are no human be ings remaining to remember that anyone ever existed or that or species ever did anything...maybe that time is coming soon and maybe it is millions of years away, but even if we survive the collapse of our sun, we will not survive forever...And if the inevitability of human oblivion worries you, I encourage you to ignore it. God knows thats what everyone else does (13). Do you worry about oblivion? Do you ignore it? Different characters in the novel have different views and coping mechanisms to deal with life an death. How do you? Reread Augustus letter that Hazel gets via Van Houten at the end of the novel. Do you agree with Augustus? Is is a good way for the novel to end?What affect does the mingling of normal teenage problems (break ups, coming of age) with a terminal diagnosis create in the novel? For instance, do you think it is realistic that Isaac would care more about his break up with Monica than his blindness?Rate The Fault in Our Stars 1 to 5.

Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide - Case Study Example The present paper is regarding the strategy and framework that can be considered to provide the best stewardship of Ogilvy brand. 1) Accurate human resource positioning - Expertise is necessary in order to achieve the goal of best stewardship. The organization cannot afford anyone to work anywhere without giving any result. Human resource is the key to success of any organization. Motivating the employees through incentives, promotions and other benefits will encourage them to perform better. As the organization is a multinational company, networking in form of communication should be enabled and each and every office should be interlinked not separating any of the regional offices from the offices situated outside the country. Moreover, all the offices and its employees should be assigned specific roles and responsibilities so as to carry out work smoothly. Organizational restructure is necessary to stimulate growth, successive management, to deal with internal problems and due to changing environment (Busn 6520, Class Notes) 2) Coordination among Board of Directors- It is necessary that Board representing the management be reworked as it is evident from the activities of previous year (1993), coordination between the top level executives is the area of concern. There is difference of opinion among different heads of regional offices, local offices and other international offices. Therefore it is recommended that divisional structure of management be carried out as it enhances the cooperation within division and goals are achieved as per the strategy set by CEO, as in the case of Appex. This structure also enhances accountability, budgeting, planning, final target focus and thus preventing any fraudulent activities. The personnel involved in the management of operations in various locations should be vary of their roles and responsibilities so that targets are achieved relentlessly (Strategic Design Lens, Lecture 3) 3) Adapting to the changing environment - Ogilvy and Mather has already experienced the effect of not moving forward with the changing business world and changing mindset of customers resulting in pull offs by its most valued clients like American Express and others. It is suggested to make few changes in organization culture without affecting the historical values of the company. 4) Eliminating political traits in the organization - Politics in an organization is perceived as the dark side and avoiding it can result in impeding effective decisions. Politicization in the organization should be totally eliminated so as to take effective decisions for the organizational development. It is suggested to take all the Board members into confidence or decide with the consensus of the people present during the meeting. Major reshuffling among the top executives along with medium level executives to different departments and locations may help in easing the pressure while taking decisions (Political Lens, Class Notes) 5) Assessing

Implementation of Basel II in Europe Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Implementation of Basel II in Europe - Thesis Example The basic aim of this approach is to ensure that the banks and financial institutions must maintain financial soundness and retain the consumer confidence in order to ensure the stability of the financial system and protect the interests of the deposit holders. With these perspectives in mind, Bank of International Settlement formed a Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in 1974 to provide a comprehensive forum for dealing with banking matters of such magnitude. The Basel Committee is made up of senior officials responsible for banking supervision or financial stability issues in central banks and other authorities in charge of the prudential supervision of banking businesses. Members of the Basel Committee come from Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US. This essay will discuss the implementation process of Basel II in Europe besides discussing some of the challenges and aspects that may raise tensions while implementing the accord in Europe. However, before exploring the issue of the implementation of the BASEL II accord, we will be discussing some of the key issues and points raised by BASEL II in order to implement it in true spirit. Before discussing the BASEL II and its implementation in Europe, it is necessary that a view must be taken in order to provide a historical account of the process of BASEL II implementation in Europe and rest of the world. Bank of international Settlements was established in Basel, Switzerland in 1930 and is considered as the world’s oldest international financial institution. It remains the principal center of international central bank corporations around the world. The BIS was formed as a result of the treaty of Versailles which ended the First World War and BIS was basically established for repatriation

How Effective Is Police Stop and Search Essay Example for Free

How Effective Is Police Stop and Search Essay This assessment will focus on Section 1 of The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Stop and Search powers). I will look at the use of stop and search before the Macpherson report and after the Macpherson report and compare how it has changed. The use of stop and search powers allow the police to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour, and to prevent more serious crimes occurring generally in public places like a Football match. A police officer can ask what you are doing, why you’re in an area and/or where you’re going. They also have the power to stop and search you if they have ‘reasonable grounds’ to suspect you’re carrying; illegal drugs, a weapon, stolen property or something which could be used to commit a crime, such as a dangerous weapon. You can only be stopped and searched without reasonable grounds if it has been approved by a senior police officer. This can happen if it is suspected that; serious violence could take place, you are carrying a weapon or have used one or you are in a specific location or area. However, you don’t have to answer any questions the police officer asks you. The Police officer will note down seven details these include; Ethnicity, Objective of search, Grounds for search, Identity of the officer carrying out the stop and search, Date, Time and Place. However being searched does not mean you have been arrested, unless any of these factors apply. Sir William McPherson carried out an inquiry in 1999 following an investigation of the murder of Stephen Lawrence. The 18-year-old A-Level student was fatally stabbed in an unprovoked attack as he waited for a bus in Eltham, south London, in April 1993. Nobody, at the time was convicted of his murder. However in 2006 the Metropolitan Polices Acting Deputy Commissioner, ordered a cold case review that led to the convictions of Gary Dobson and David Norris in 2011 they were found guilty by an Old Bailey jury after a trial based on forensic evidence. Scientists found a tiny bloodstain on Dobsons jacket that could only have come from Mr Lawrence. They also found a single hair belonging to the teenager on Norriss jeans. Both men have had previous run-ins with the law; Dobson was jailed for five years in 2010 for drugs trafficking. He is among a small number of men to have been tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy) after the Court of Appeal quashed his 1996 acquittal for the murder. Norris was convicted in 2002 of a separate allegation of racially threatening behaviour. Allegations of incompetence and racism against Metropolitan police officers that were in charge of the case sparked the original inquiry as did two internal police inquiries which acquitted the Metropolitan itself. In relation to the stop and search there is no actual change in the stop and search powers for the police. However records of all stop and search operation have to be published, and a copy of the record can also be given to the person involved if requested therefore there can be no discriminative reason to stop someone as the police have to provide written reason to the suspect and the police force. The 1981 Brixton riots and the subsequent Scarman report were key factors in the passage of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). It provides the core framework of police powers and safeguards around stop and search, arrest, detention, investigation, identification and interviewing detainees. The aim of PACE has always been to establish a balance between the powers of the police in England and Wales and the rights of members of the public. Literature Review The immediate effect of Macpherson saw a decline in the use of stop and search. In London, stop and searches fell from 180,000 in 1999/00 to 169,000 the following year. Nationally, the number of stop and searches fell by 21% and then a further 16% from 1998 to 2000. By December 2000, representatives of rank and file officers were saying that Macpherson had damaged morale. Officers, they said, were unprepared to use stop and search out of fear of being labelled racist. So William Hague called for there to be a rise in the use of Stop and Search. This was evident in 2001 when Mr Hague linked a rise in violent street crime in some areas to a drop in stop and searches of black people because police officers feared being called racist. However, this can be argued as many black and Asian people including Stephen Lawrences father, Neville, who filed a complaint after being stopped last year said they were still being unfairly targeted. And in January figures from the Home Office showed that the fall in searches was greatest for white suspects with black people still ive times more likely to be stopped in London than white people. The Equality Act 2010 makes it prohibited for police officers to discriminate against, harass or victimise any person in relation to age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation, marriage, civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity when using their powers on the ground of protected characteristics (Home Office 2011). This shows they have tried to control the situation of racism in the force and tried to put a stop to it. However racism within the force goes back decades as before 1984 police were allowed to stop and search whoever they wanted therefore it became easier and more of a habit to target people who fit ‘criminal persona’. This laid back approach to stop and search caused problems because police became discriminative to the public which can be shown in the Home office statistics (Police and Criminal Evidence Act, The 1984). Research shows this is still happening today even though the Equality Act 2010 was put forward this is evident in (justice 2010). Black people are 8 per cent more likely than whites to face stop and search. In relation to the McPherson report the Committee said that since the introduction of the report the police have made tremendous strides in the service they provide to ethnic minority communities and in countering racism amongst its own workforce. This is evident in the fact that sixty-seven of Macpherson’s 70 recommendations have been implemented fully or in part in the ten years since his report was published. However the statistics show that there is still racism in the force therefore were McPhersons recommendations needed or could he have focused more on the problem in hand? Many people see that that racist persona of the forces comes from the idea that police officers are hard, tough, and will not tolerate unacceptable behaviour. This is called cop culture which is hard to define as it has moved from discussing about one culture to discussing different cultures such as ‘subculture’, ‘street culture’, ‘patrol culture’, ‘canteen culture’ (It can be defined as where the police share the same sense of identity which evolves around work, hard play and hard drinking), ‘headquarters culture’ and the ‘cardigan squad’ (the soft and fluffy culture). Cop culture can be seen as many different things depending on how you view the police themselves. In Britain the Scarman report in 1981 riots in Brixton was influential and raised the importance of stop and search on young black men who felt they had been unfairly targeted due to their colour. Rowe argues that while not all findings were the ‘militaristic style of policing, with poor public engagement t established recommendations relating to policing for example on training, the role of community policing, lay visitors at police stations, discipline and stop and search’. Rowe also mentions that the recommendations mentioned in the Scarman report were reiterated in the McPherson report almost 20 years later suggests that the recommendations were not effectively implemented in the Scarman report (Rowe 2007:155). However McPherson was more forthright using the term ‘institutional racism’ that Scarman shied away from, making the problem more visible to the public. This is evident when the metropolitan police mishandled the Stephen Lawrence case due to a combination of professional incompetence, institutional racism and a failure of leadership by senior officers’ (McPherson 1999). In terms of police culture, institutional racism was said to incorporate racist stereotyping of black people as potential criminals or troublemakers (McPherson 1999). Taking this into account a racist officer can be seen as an incompetent officer as it is finding a lack of understanding of cultural diversity illustrated in the existence of cultural crisis in the metropolitan police therefore they should be retrained or dismissed. Many people of been very critical of the McPherson report one main criticism is that although McPherson made 70 much needed recommendations for the force he did little to bring justice for the family of Stephen Lawrence which was the reason he originally conducted the inquiry. However 11 years after the inquiry was completed justice was in fact served for the Lawrence family but not due to McPherson’s recommendations. This shows the failings of which the Macpherson Report draws attention too, is in relation to the police investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence which is important, but the explanation as to how and why the problems occurred is somewhat limited which needed to be noted as well. This means that he noted the problem of racism but didn’t recommend to put the case back on retrial. The problems identified by McPherson are not only unique to this case or other racial murders; but rather they are related to the social, legal and organisational environments in which this sort of police work should be undertaken at all times. The stop and search has been proven to be a success for the police, the power to stop and search people who they suspect of being involved in crime is an important tactic. It provides a means to confirm or allay suspicions about individuals without exercising their power of arrest. Where the stop and search is employed appropriately and proportionately, it could increase community confidence in the police force and make a positive contribution to reducing the fear of crime. Stop and search has been very successful in relation to knife crime. For example October 2009, more than 380,000 stops and searches have been conducted; 14,700 people have been arrested; and more than 7,500 knives have been recovered. However the stop and search has seen negative attitudes in relation to law-abiding people who feel they have been unjustifiably targeted. These people are less likely to trust the police and co-operate with them when they have a problem, therefore conducting effective policing, becomes much more difficult. There are still concerns in relation to stop and search and through this the equality and human right commissioners are continuing to monitor how the police are using their stop and search powers. They want to see: a reduction in the national figures for race disproportionality in the use of stop and search powers. A reduction in the number of excess stops and searches carried out on black and Asian people. Also forces with high excesses, in particular the Metropolitan Police, taking action to ensure that the powers are being used in a non-discriminatory and lawful manner. They are also monitoring and concentrating on forces that currently have particularly high rates of disproportionality, in particular some southern rural forces, taking action to reduce their race disproportionality ratios. And finally the forces with race disproportionality collaborating and sharing good practice with their neighbours. The lack of ethnic contact outside law enforcement and in the law enforcement needs a clear transformation. The criminal justice system can in no way be prejudice, discriminative, racist or sexist. They are there to keep the public safe and the public has to trust them otherwise the system would fail, the public have to be extremely open-minded. One way to do this is to focus on race awareness training for all police officers in and joining the force. However this strategy has been used before and after the Scarman report and unfortunately made little impact over the decades since. Macpherson is aware of this but fails to adopt a more radical policy agenda directed at the structure and organisation of policing and the relationship between police and ethnic minorities in the law-enforcement situation itself therefore the race problem is still occurring. To conclude many will argue that not much is different before the McPherson report during and after. The statistics show that being of ethnic origin walking the streets you are more likely to be stopped then if you are white, this stereotype needs to be changed and then the force will be less inclined to stop people of this description with little or lack of reason. However there has been a decline in the amount of black and Asian people stopped but also a decline in the amount of officers that use stop and search on regular basis in fear that they will be labelled a racist. The police need to find a balance between being labelled and doing their job to maximise the trust from the public and minimise fear of crime. Therefore the public and force can come together to make the community the safest place possible.

Concepts of the Body, Medicine and Madness in Mary Shelley’s Frankenste

I intend to examine to what effect concepts of the body, medicine and madness are presented in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818). I shall perform close analysis to parts of the text referring to explorations in new technologies, advances in medical science, and there psychological impacts. I shall discuss social implications of the growth of man’s technological evolution during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Mary Shelley’s Gothic science-fiction novel Frankenstein (1818) was written and published between two major historical events. It followed The French Revolution (1789-1799) a period of radical social and political upheaval, and was written during The Industrial Revolution between the eighteenth and nineteenth century, a time of great socioeconomic and cultural effects. The French Revolution acted as ‘the single most crucial influence on British intellectual, philosophical, and political life in the nineteenth century.’ (David Cody, French Revolution: 2010). The Industrial Revolution marked ‘the transition from a world of artisan manufacture to a factory system.’ (Shirley Burchill et al. The Industrial Revolution: 2010). The advancements in machine based manufacturing brought social implications of anxiety. Frankenstein can be viewed as a reflection of the turmoil and change seen within society during the eighteenth and nineteenth century, thro ugh the explorations and growth in man’s technological evolution. Frankenstein is an epistolary novel, comprised of letters, journals and diary entries, allowing the reader a sense of verisimilitude – a sense that it might have actually occurred, enabling the author to change points of view when required to further the plot. The story follows a young grief stricken ... ....com. Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2011. Available from www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/Prometheus, [accessed 12th January 2011]. Russell A. Potter, A Chronology of Frankenstein. Available from www.ric.edu/faculty/rpotter/Frank-chron.html, [accessed 12th January 2011]. Robert W. Anderson, Body Parts That Matter: Frankenstein, or The Modern Cyborg, 1999. Available from www.womenwriters.net/editorials/anderson1.htm, [accessed 12th January 2011]. Shirley Burchill, Nigel Hughes, Peter Price & Keith Woodall, The Open Door Website, The Industrial Revolution, 2010. Available from www.saburchill.com/history/.../001.html, [accessed 12th January 2011]. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Frankenstein Penetrating the Secrets of Nature, 2010. Available from www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/frankenstein.html, [accessed 12th January 2011].

Proposal Essay – Organ Selling

While walking down a city street, alarming cries for help ring out through the air, and it is observed that an individual that appears to be living well has a helpless, poor victim held down, relentlessly beating them to the ground and taking what little they have left for their own advantage and benefit. What would be the right thing to do; run away or try to help, either by stepping in or calling the proper authorities? The morally ethical thing to do would be to help and do what has to be done to stand up for what is right.This same general scenario is happening not too far from this country, where organ brokers are victimizing innocent and poverty-stricken mothers and fathers trying to find a way to provide and get out of debt, by either forcing or deceiving them to give up an organ or cheating them whether formally or informally, after they agree to sell, by either not paying them for their organ at all or only paying a fraction of the promised price (Glaser, S.,2005).But the wa y that nobody tries to help is the same as walking by that same victim that is being beaten on the street. These poor victimized sellers that are turning to that option, unfortunately are completely ignorant to and uneducated on the process, certain organs in their bodies, or any of the functions or importance of those organs which leaves them wide open to exploitation.Therefore, my proposal is to find a way to stop these horrible things from happening to the potential and desperate sellers, by educating them, giving them other means that help both those who are seeking financial gain by selling, and those who desperately are seeking an organ to survive, and eliminating them from the black market organ brokers’ manipulation and exploitative grasp. It is respectfully understood that the World Health Organization (WHO) is strongly against any payment for any type of organ donation for a number of moral, ethical, and medical reasons (Denneman, L., Mol, M. 2009).For instance, as stated in the WHO’s Guiding Principles on Human Organ Transplantation (1991), â€Å"organ trafficking violates fundamental human rights, such as rights to life, liberty, security in person and freedom from cruel and inhumane treatment†(Glaser, S. 2005). Furthermore, it may be a risk to the public in addition to being a crime that, in this particular case, proves to be a conspicuously offensive violation of human rights, because the forcing and misleading of someone into selling their body parts violates their personal independence (Glaser, S.2005).Moreover, safety standards in these areas are severely undermined due to the lack of resources, weak medical regulatory foundation, and corruption; therefore, if there were to be a legalized method of organ buying and selling, the regulatory structures and system would be ineffectively executed (Denneman, L. , Mol, M. 2009). So, one can empathetically concur with the WHO’s decision to stand firm on the banning.Anthropo logist, Monir Moniruzzaman, found 33 sellers who went to organ brokers to sell their kidneys, not even knowing what the word â€Å"kidney† meant nor what its purpose and functions in the body were, and were talked into doing it because of the misleading, false information they received of their â€Å"sleeping kidney† and the 100% safe procedure that had no risks and would cause no long-term harm or damage to them; then were promised over two thirds more than they actually received (Moniruzzaman, M.2012).These people, who lived on only $2 per day to provide for a family and lived in the worst imaginable impoverished conditions, some in a crawl space located under someone else’s house (Bienstock, R. E. 2013). They see thousands of luring ads in local newspapers, promising them the world, and out of fear, hope, and desperation reach out to the organ brokers and get sucked into consenting and at times physically forced to donate (Parry, W. 2012).If there were a stri ctly regulated legal system with fixed prices that these desperately poverty-stricken people can go to ask questions, get true, accurate answers and information, and completely and independently decide to sell. This may be the solution to wipe out these brokers of the black market because if they have no one to prey on they will not have a choice but to find other means of income besides taking a large portion of the sellers’ payments for â€Å"hidden fees† (Resnick, B.2012).Since the WHO is not, in any way, going to lift the ban, and one of the most efficient ways to increase the supply of available organs for the thousands of people on organ waiting lists is to make some form of donation and selling legal, other options must be sought-after. By combining two opposing  viewpoints it is possible for a whole new approach to this rapidly growing problem to transpire, for there may be more agreeable aspects than what meets the eye. Though there are areas of disagreement , it is agreed upon that exploiting the poor and manipulating and/or forcing them to sell their organs at the expense of their health physically and psychologically, and social stance as well as the sellers families also.Instead of going against beliefs of any party by lifting the ban or just pretending that this does not occur on a daily basis or ignore it entirely, not trying to help, it may be possible to educate these poor and desperate people, crack down on busting these organ brokers, and even getting the doctors involved in the protection and prevention of the innocent victims that this vicious system continues to claim. The ethical and moral urgency to protect these people’s rights, freedom, health, and autonomy is equally important, so it should be the main focal point for a new elimination program.This could consist of passing and strictly and harshly enforcing laws against such crimes related to illegal trafficking, and in the process organize public education camp aigns to get the proper and accurate information out to the victims and potential sellers so these brokers that do not get caught are unable to scam and force them to sell out of ignorance (Glaser, S. 2005). These awareness programs and information centers could then, in turn, create some jobs and give those living in drastic poverty some form of income.These developments will require total cooperation and collaboration from both he3alth officials and law enforcement officials equally (Halstead, B. , Wilson, P. 1991). One way would be to pass the law imposing mandatory reporting requirements for doctors who suspect that the organs were obtained using the black market. Currently, transplant doctors work on a â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† regimen, which is fueling the brokers to continue luring in more sellers.Since it is the brokers who are the main culprits, it should be them, not doctors, that are pursued, convicted, and be given a more severe punishment (Glaser , S. 2005). In addition to stopping the organ brokers there are a number of other methods that can be carried out to develop an increasing supply of organs, such as promoting consent to cadaver donations upon death, altruistic donations, biotechnology, and/or using tissues and stem cells from aborted fetuses to create the needed organs (Holstead, B. , Wilson,P. 1991).There are a number of options presented and if it is not possible to legalize the sale of organs, completely dissipate the black market, or stop people from using the black market out of desperation for either money or the needed organ, then the way the people are misinformed, uneducated, and exploited, blindly consenting by way of violence and/or manipulation needs to be promptly addressed by carefully and thoughtfully considering getting the knowledge, law enforcement, strict punishments, and health officials help out and start standing up for the innocent victims.Just as one would help if he saw a victim lying in fro nt of him, beaten and bloody in the street, it would be imperative and morally right to lend a helping hand.

Ford Pinto

In 1968 Lee Iacocca and the Ford Motor Company wanted to produce a inexpensive vehicle to appeal to the first time buyers market. Mr. Iacocca philosophy was for consumers to remember Ford as the very first vehicle that they owned so that when it was time for them to invest in another vehicle it would be a Ford. But, in order for Ford to develop a inexpensive vehicle to fit the philosophy of Lee Iacocca, they had to cut corners. Unfortunately, the one corner they cut was the placement of the fuel tank, causing catastrophic failure in rear end collisions resulting in loss of life, serious injury, or burned out vehicles. Daniel Boyce, author of The Ford Pinto Cade Information, cuts to the chase, â€Å"The Ford Pinto is known to be one of the most dangerous cars produced in automotive history due to several serious design flaws† (Boyce). This is a crucial statement that can affect the reputation of a company and have serious consequences financially. If it was my ultimate decision to either engage in a recall or to settle the cases in which injury occurred I would have to choose the decision to recall. Not only would that decision be the correct ethical decision in my mind, it would be a decision, one that would have been very costly, that would have saved the reputation of Ford Motor Company and would have paid off with future sales. There are two different stakeholders in this situation. The first and most important in my opinion would be the consumer, those buying the Ford Pinto. The second stakeholder would be the investors, stockholders, of Ford Motor Company. My decision to recall the Pinto, spending $11 per vehicle for a total of $121 million, would be to benefit the life of those that had purchased the vehicle. Those individuals that had put trust in the Ford Motor Company to develop a safe and reliable product have more value than that of a dollar figure. Though my decision to recall might not sit right with the investors of Ford Motor Company, in my opinion it is the moral and ethical decision that could pay off financially in the future. Pay the $121 million now, fix the 11 million Pinot’s that are out on the streets, establish a reputation of doing what is right for the safety and well being of your consumers, and the sales of your future vehicles would drastically improve. To have a reputation that Ford cares more about the bottom line than the consumers that purchase their products, that human life has no value, can be detrimental to the future sales of Ford products. With my decision to recall obviously the immediate inancial impact of Ford Motor Company would be significant, $121 million to be exact. In my opinion, this initial investment of fixing the Pinto will bring bigger profits to Ford Motor Company in the future. Andrew Bouman wrote an article regarding the Ford Pinto and addressed future car sales, â€Å"When people are purchasing vehicles now days they still think back to the ford pinto and think that hopefully this same issue isn't going to happen with this car. This has affected the sales of F ord vehicles† (Bouman, 2009)†. Other car manufactures have had safety issues and the company chose to fix the problem, putting human life in front of the bottom line. This philosophy has been successful for other automobile manufactures, a philosophy Ford should have followed. Bouman goes on to say, â€Å"If ford would have thought about their future they definitely would have spent the money to fix each one of the vehicles and then their sales would be doing a lot better today and they would not have lost as much money† (Bouman, 2009). The question Ford Motor Company had to deal with was; does the human life have a value? Their decision to place a $200,000 figure for each individual that was negatively affected by the Pinto tells me that Ford placed a dollar value on human life. Michael Zimmerman writes, â€Å"The intrinsic value of something is said to be the value that that thing has â€Å"in itself,† or â€Å"for its own sake,† or â€Å"as such,† or â€Å"in its own right† (Zimmerman, 2002). We are talking life; a value in itself, a value for its own sake, and a value in its own right. Ford was talking value of life that would affect them, Ford motor Company, not the life of the consumer. The instrumental value is the value of the object, and in this situation the object is the human life. Ford Motor Company valued the human life at $200,000; this dollar figure was a life value that benefitted Ford Motor Company, not those that purchased Ford Motor Company products. But does human value have a monetary price associated with it? In my opinion no; there is no dollar figure that can be substituted for life. But life does have a value, a purpose, a stake, but it is just not financially connected. I think that with human life the intrinsic and instrumental values are connected, not separated. The human life has value in itself, has value for the individual; but it also has a value as an object, it has a purpose and stake what happens within the future, it just doesn’t have a dollar figure attached to it. Stanley Riukas explains, in an article discussing intrinsic and instrumental value, inherent and instrumental values are inseparably connected, that they are strictly parallel as regards their quantity, quality and other characteristics, that they are reversible, and that their richness determines the richness of human life† (Riukas). The richness of human life places the instrumental value upon it. In conclusion, the decision I would have made in regards to the defective design of Ford Motor Company’s Pinto would have been drastically different than that of Lee Iacocc a. I would have placed the value of human life over the value of the company. In my opinion this decision would have financially benefited Ford Motor Company in the future. A reputation of doing what is best for the consumer rather than what is best for the company has a direct impact on the success of the company in the future, Making the initial investment of $121 million would have gone farther that having the reputation of putting life second and the thought of unreliable vehicles manufactured by Ford Motor Company in the minds of all consumers. References Andrew Bouman. (October 14, 2009). The Ford Pinto. In Ezine Articles. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Ford-Pinto;id=3044629. Daniel Boyce. (n.d.). The Ford Pinto Case Information. In The Ford Pinto Case. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://fordpintoethics.webs.com/. Stanley Riukas. (n.d.). Inherent and Instrumental Values in Ethics. In The Paideia Project On-Line. Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Valu/ValuRiuk.htm. Zimmerman, Michael J. (October 22, 2002). Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition). Retrieved July 7, 2013, from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-intrinsic-extrinsic/#WhaHasIntVal.

Lord of the Flies and 1984 Essay Example

Lord of the Flies and 1984 Essay Example Lord of the Flies and 1984 Essay Lord of the Flies and 1984 Essay Essay Topic: 1984 Lord Of the Flies The government is supposed to protect and provide for their people but unfortunately this isn’t always the case. Some leaders would try to get power so that they can use it unjustly and have total control over the society they rule. Many dictators in the past such as Hitler and Mussolini that ruled back in 1930’s have used their position as leaders to make unethical decisions for their entire country and giving themselves the authority to get away with anything. Both ruled with totalitarian characteristics. Lord of the Flies and Nineteen Eighty Four are two stories created in the post Second World War era. The novel Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding symbolizes the natural darkness of humanity shown using a group of young boys that try to construct civilization. While the novel Nineteen Eighty Four written by George Orwell, represents the dangers of a totalitarian society. Both novels Lord of the Flies and Nineteen Eighty Four share major themes that contribu te to the corruption of a community because the government would use their power unjustly leading to a dangerous totalitarian society, the idea that power or dictatorship are achieved through psychological manipulation, and finally, physical action is often used to maintain control and power within the societies present in both novels. A totalitarian society is when a country is governed under one man or a group of people. This government will control every aspect of your life including who you associate with, where you work and even go as far as controlling thoughts which would all lead to the dehumanization of an individual. The concept of dehumanization is present in the novel Lord of the Flies where a young boy named Jack progressively becomes more power dependent and thrives off of his control which leads him into becoming a savage by the end of the novel. Jack was the first to cast off the restraints of civilisation and led the boys down a path of savagery.  T

What Is a Valedictorian Defining High Schools Top Honor

What Is a Valedictorian Defining High School's Top Honor SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips High school academics can be very competitive for driven students who hope to earn the coveted title of valedictorian. But how exactly do high schools choose valedictorians? Does the title mean anything for college applications? In this article, I’ll give you the details on what it means to be a valedictorian, how valedictorians are chosen, and whether this is a critical factor in the college admissions process. What Is a Valedictorian in High School? If you are named valedictorian, it usually means that you have reached the highest level of academic achievement out of all the students in your class.At some schools, multiple students are named valedictorians.Valedictory honors are determined by GPA, which may be measured differently depending on your high school.I’ll go over more specifics about variations in policy in the next section. The high school valedictorian traditionally delivers a speech (the â€Å"valedictory† speech) at graduation.Fun fact: The term valedictorian comes from the Latinvale dicere meaning â€Å"to say farewell† since the valedictorian usually delivers the last speech at the ceremony. How Are High School Valedictorians Chosen? The valedictorian will almost always be the student in your class who has the highest GPA, but GPA can be measured on more than one scale (and sometimes schools have more than one valedictorian!).If your school uses weighted GPAs, meaning students in higher level classes can earn higher GPAs, the valedictorian is virtually guaranteed to be the student who has earned the highest grades in the most difficult classes.Weighted GPAs are typically measured on a 5-point scale, with a 5.0 being equivalent to an A in an Honors or AP class. Other schools use an unweighted GPA scale, meaning that course levels are not taken into account when calculating GPA.On an unweighted scale, GPAs only go up to a 4.0, which is equivalent to an A in any class regardless of level.In this case, the valedictorian could be a student who was in lower level classes but earned all A's. In recent years, some high schools have adopted the policy of naming multiple students valedictorians.Since college admissions are so competitive now, more and more students are pushing themselves to achieve high levels of academic success in high school.By naming multiple valedictorians, schools acknowledge the impressive achievements of severalstudents in a more equitable manner and reduce pressure and competition.Sometimes valedictory honors are given to all students who achieve straight A averages or to several students who have all earned the same top GPAs. In this case, there might not be an actual valedictory speech (unless all the valedictorians write a speech together and say it in unison, which would be really creepy, so I’m all for it).The policy of naming multiple valedictorians has faced criticism from those who argue that it simply points to rampant grade inflation and devalues the title of valedictorian. However, when GPAs are only separated by tiny fractions of points, it may make sense to recognize more than one student with this honor. There are also policy variations in which classes count towards the GPA that determines class ranking.Some schools might only include grades from courses in core subject areaswhile others may include both core classes and electives.You can check with your guidance counselor to see what your school’s policies are. Since the valedictorian is usually the studentranked #1 in each class, it’s not easy to predict what GPA you’ll need in order to earn the title. You may have heard about students who were valedictorians of past classes but earned a lower GPA than the student ranked fifth in your class.Some classes are more or less competitive than others! If you wanna be the top goat (which I think is what valedictorians should really be called), you may have to lock horns with other super driven students in your class. Relax nerds, there's no actual physical activity involved. What About Salutatorians? What Other Ranking-Based Honors Do High Schools Offer? Valedictorian isn't the only title that students can earn for academic achievements in high school. At most schools, the salutatorian is the student ranked second in the class after the valedictorian.Usually, the salutatorian will also give a speech at graduation.Salutatorians are slightly cooler than valedictorians. (Okay, I'm biased because I was salutatorian in high school, but let's face it, it's kind of true.) Some high schools will also offer Latin honors to students who achieve certain GPAs.You may have heard of this practice in the context of college academics.Students are given the titles of cum laude, magna cum laude, and summa cum laude as markers of their academic achievements.Different high schools will have different GPA thresholds for each honor.At a school with weighted GPAs, for example, students who earn GPAs above a 3.6 might be cum laude, students who earn GPAs above a 4.0 might be magna cum laude, and students who earn GPAs above a 4.4 might be summa cum laude. These honors are also sometimes given out based on class rank percentile. A school that organizes honorsthis way might decide that the top 5% of the class is considered summa cum laude, the top 10% is magna cum laude, and the top 25% is cum laude. If your high school doesn't have Latin honors, that’s not a big deal.It’s just another way of recognizing students with high GPAs who have worked hard but haven’t quite reached the level of valedictorian or salutatorian. The only Latin phrase that most of us know. Seize the carp. That's what it means, right? What Are the Benefits of Being Named Valedictorian? The title of valedictorian, as we have seen, can mean different things depending on your high school.It’s an impressive honor, but the title alone shouldn’t make much of an impact on your chances of college admission. If you're a valedictorian, you will have a very high GPA (and probably high test scores as well), and those qualifications will be the things that actually get you into selective colleges. When you first apply to college, you won't know yet whether you're valedictorian or not, and neither will the schools.You won't find out for sure until the spring when you've already received admissions decisions from colleges. Because the GPAs of valedictorians can vary from year to year, the title means far less than the grades that got you there.This is especially true in the context of the new trend of naming multiple valedictorians; the term is more watered down than it used to be. Even though it might not matter that much in college admissions, there are other benefits to being named valedictorian. You may be eligible for special scholarships at the colleges where you've been accepted because of your status as a valedictorian. This is common at public universities that hope to lure in high-achieving students with tuition deals. You'll also be recognized for all of your hard work and get to deliver a speech to your entire class.It’s a great opportunity to tell some hilarious jokes and/or send a meaningful message.I would recommend telling jokes because you’ll be remembered as the only non-boring part of graduation.If the thought of giving a speech makes you want to puke, then this might not be a plus, but it really is a good chance for you to be honest and share your reflections on the last four years. Deliver your valedictorian speech while decked out in full clown makeup. Give the people what they want. What Should You Do If You Want to Be Valedictorian? If you have your sights set on the title of high school valedictorian, you should be prepared to challenge yourself. Students who become valedictorians begin and end their high school careers in the toughest classes with the highest grades.For an overview of some of the skills and study habits you should adopt if you hope to be at the top of your class, take a look at my article onhow to get good grades in high school. Also, try to keep things in perspective. Don't sacrifice your mental health in the name of your goal - it's not worth it just for the recognition. Your goal should motivate you to stay engaged in your school work and challenge yourself, but it shouldn't make you break down in tears because you have to spend eight hours on homework every night. Only you know what your limits are and what you can handle. If you push your intellectual boundaries and maintain high grades, you will be accepted to some great colleges whether or not you end up becoming valedictorian. Exercise your brain, but give it some down time once in a while to keep it healthy and happy. Conclusion At most high schools, the valedictorian is the top student in the class as determined by GPA.Some schools use weighted GPAs while others use unweighted GPAs, and this may affect the type of student who ends up as valedictorian.Some schools even name multiple valedictorians to recognize exceptional academic achievements by more than one student.The valedictorian is traditionally asked to give a speech at graduation. You don’t have to be valedictorian or salutatorian of your high school to be accepted to a highly selective college!Since the GPA of the valedictorian at any given high school will vary from year to year, colleges don’t assume that everyone who ends up as a valedictorian should be admitted or that students who aren’t given the highest honors in their class should be denied.If you consistently work hard in your classes and earn high grades, you'll be rewarded in the college application process even if you're not the valedictorian. What's Next? Valedictorian may be the top honor, but your class rank still might be important even if you're not number one. Learn more about what a good class rank is in this article. Are you curious about where you stand with your GPA? Here's a step by step guide for how to calculate your cumulative GPA based on your high school grades so far. If your GPA is lower than you would like, read this guide to learn some strategies that will help you improve! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Negotiation Styel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Negotiation Styel - Essay Example An initial understanding of the GLOBE is essential in identifying basic differences and similarities in both cultures, in order to minimise any areas of potential miscommunication; the negotiation styles of Canadians will also form the scope of this report. The globe study is based upon the data, collected data from 62 countries and spanned a period of eleven years. (Eunson, 2008). The detailed research involving 170 researchers from countries across the globe identified the diversity of prevailing cultural norms across various nations and their influence on business and leadership styles. The study has developed a useful framework for understanding the differences and hence bringing people closer. The criteria for undertaking this research was based upon 9 variables called cultural dimensions. These nine dimensions are Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Humane Orientation, Collectivism I (Institutional), Collectivism II (In-Group), Assertiveness, Gender Egalitarianism, Performance Orientation and Future orientation (Requejo and Graham, 2008). The research delineated the total of 62 countries into 3 clusters; namely the Anglo culture, which comprises of English speaking countries like Canada, USA, Australia, the Southern Asian Cluster comprising of developing countries like Indonesia, India, Philippines etc. and the Confucian Asia culture comprising Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, etc (Javidan, and Dastmalchian, 2009). Since both Canada and Australia belong to the Anglo cultural cluster of the GLOBE study, they share many similarities. The countries in this cluster scored very high on power distance, i.e. an extent to which a community accepts and expects power discriminations. Also the score for performance orientation, described as the level of encouragement people of group displays for upgrading performance (Javidan, and Dastmalchian, 2009), is

Impact of Hub Airports on a Community or City Research Paper

Impact of Hub Airports on a Community or City - Research Paper Example The concept of the Hub-and-spokes system was to concentrate traffic to one airport- the major hub from smaller national airports (known as the spokes) or other means of transport, and then the gathered group of passengers would be transported from the major hub to another major hub.† (AviationKnowledge, 2010) In addition to commercial airline hubs, companies such as FedEx, DHL, UPS, and other major carriers of air freight & cargo services may also operate airport hubs to facilitate the efficient delivery of their parcels and goods for transport. Some airports will be integrated commercial and air freight operations, while others will be dedicated and specialized to only one mode of operation dependent on the location. Furthermore, some airport hubs will be operated by a single or limited number of carriers, while other hubs will serve multiple carriers at the same location. Along with these main characteristics, hub airports also impact the local community and cities surroundin g them through: Requiring infrastructure development – hubs are typically larger than other airports and require more land for their operation, along with the building & roads to serve the facility, placing an investment requirement on the community. Jobs and business expansion – airport hubs promote an entire ecosystem of support businesses to serve the people who work in them – these include hotels, restaurants, stores, gas stations, shopping facilities, transportation, etc. Environmental Concerns – hub airports and frequent passenger air jet travel can have significant impact on local environments, including wildlife, air, water, and sound pollution, waste disposal management problems, etc. A step by step overview of the development of a hub airport shows the degree to which the effects of the construction and operation will ripple into the community. At the first stage, there is location, architectural design, and construction of the

Research on Occupy Movement Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

On Occupy Movement - Research Paper Example Various well known scholars joined in the movement such as Peter Funke, Harry Vanden, Ednie Garrison and Robert Benford among others. The Wall Street became a part of this movement as the organizations located in this financial district played an important part in the economic crisis of 2008 which marked the Great Recession. The protest is mainly against the richer section of the society. The movement mainly focuses on the slogan, â€Å"We are the 99%†, which refers to the growing disparity of wealth in the society in between the richer section of 1% and the rest 99% of the population. Moreover, they are continuously enhancing their income rates as compared to the remaining 99%. Thus, the 1% population holding the 99% of income and wealth are enjoying a much lavish lifestyle whereas the living standard of 99% populace is declining (Melendez, â€Å"Professors Dissect Occupy Movement†). In addition, the great recession increased the gap between the rich and the poor secti ons. The 99% of the population faced numerous problems such as unemployment in spite of having quality degree along with inequality, wage difference and poverty among others. The government of America was neither fair nor sympathetic towards the 99% population of the society. ... The protests are mainly due to the inequality, unemployment, low wage, financial crisis and problems related with basic needs such as food, shelter and health care among others, which are not realized by the richer section. Therefore, the wealthier section of the society is increasing their income rates along with the wealth and thus relishing their lives with great pleasure. On the other side, the poorer section has been the main victim of these circumstances, which is acting as a curse in their life (Hertzberg, â€Å"Occupational Hazards†). Argument and Discussion The occupy movement is the enduring gripe against the gap among the 1% and the 99% populace of America. The protest has spread in various places throughout the world very rapidly and has drawn in not only the scholars but also the students and general individuals as well. The movement included a slogan, which focused mainly on the growing  indifference  in the society. The movement highlights the discrepancies such as unemployment, low wages, inequalities, economic migrants, financial crisis as well as problems related to primary needs such as food, shelter and health care. The slogan states that the 99% of the population is enduring the pain of lower financial stability as compared to richer individuals. Thus, the problem of unemployment is increasing among the 99% of the general population (Hertzberg, â€Å"Occupational Hazards†). Moreover, they are also facing the problem of unemployment due to recession and economic changes as well. Due to these problems the 99% populations are becoming much poorer as compared to the rest 1% of the society. Similarly, on the other side, the 1% of the remaining population is doubling their income rates along with the wealth and

Pomegranate Tree In The Kite Runner

Pomegranate Tree In The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner is a novel that explores many important themes. Three such themes are violence, friendship, and the quest for redemption. Although Hosseini uses many techniques to depict these themes, one technique that stands out is his use of symbolism and imagery. Some of the symbolism and imagery he uses are key factors in the story. The pomegranate tree and the sacrifice of the sheep are effective forms of symbolism and imagery that enrich the themes of violence, friendship, and the quest for redemption. Although Hosseini reminds people of a peaceful Afghanistan, he also reveals the agony the nation faces after the Taliban came to power. Violence spreads throughout the story, everything from a harmless activity of kite flying to the rape of Hassan. The pomegranate tree reveals the violence occurring in the novel. The entire story circles around on an action of violence, Hassans rape, and Amirs pretending that Hassans rape never happened. In the novel, Amir wants Hassan to hit him with pomegranates to inflict pain and lessen his guilt; instead, Hassan smashes the pomegranates over his own head. This indicates that violence is the key to lessen the guilt; Amir believes a physical punishment will make Hassan release his pain and get rid of Amirs guilt. In the Quran, the pomegranate tree is spoken of as a fruit in the garden of paradise. At first it appears that way in the novel, but later as more violence occurs, the tree is barren and dead, meaning that paradise has fallen when the Tal iban took over. Afghanistan started to get destroyed and the Taliban kill whoever they like. This violence reflects todays world where people witness violence but walk away knowing they could have stopped it. There are many aspects of this theme many people can relate to everyday. Friendship in the novel is a recurring theme. Both the pomegranate tree and the sheep reveal the changes in the friendship throughout the novel. The friendship between Amir and Hassan is a key factor in the novel. While Amir and Hassan are young they carve their names into the pomegranate tree. Hassan says, One summer day, I used one of Alis kitchen knives to carve our names on it: Amir and Hassan, the sultans of Kabul. Those words made it formal: the tree was ours ( ). The tree symbolizes their relationship. Before the Taliban came to power there was less violence and the relationship was strong, but after the Taliban came to power, Afghanistan became more violent, and the healthy, green tree became dead and ruined, just like Amir and Hassans relationship. The social inequality in Afghanistan plays a key role as Amir begins to think of Hassan as a servant rather than a friend after the rape. Another example of the changes in friendship is shown by the sheep. In Muslims culture, the sacrifice of a sheep is meant to celebrate the faith of the prophet Ibrahim. This is similar to when Hassan, a pure boy is raped by Assef. The sheep symbolized the rape of Hassan because just like the sheep he was slain for the kite that Amir won. This made Amir feel guilty, which made him lose his connection with Hassan. Their friendship desecrated and Amir started to treat Hassan as a Hazara. Redemption is an essential part of the novel, since many sins are endured. When Hassan gets raped, Amir pretends nothing happened and starts feeling guilty. As children, Amir commits many sins, but Hassan takes the blame. The pomegranate tree was healthy and growing, but years later when Amir returns to Afghanistan, the tree is barren and dead, like their relationship. Amir feels guilty because he cant apologize for the rape of Hassan. He feels to redeem himself; he has to take care of Hassans son, Sohrab. Amir goes to great lengths to redeem himself; he gets beaten by the same bully that raped Hassan. This lessens his guilt, and makes him more committed towards taking care of Sohrab. In the story, Rahim Khan writes a letter to Amir; in the letter it says, I know that in the end, God will forgive Forgive your father if you can. Forgive me if you wish. But most important, forgive yourself( ). This is what pushes Amir to risk his life and go back to Afghanistan. He wants to be like his father, so he sets out to help Hassans son. This is like todays world, people make mistakes they go and try redeeming themselves. Anyone in the world can be placed in Amirs situation. In conclusion, the imagery and symbolism used in the novel effectively. The pomegranate tree showes the readers the change in Amir and Hassan`s relationship, whereas the sacrifice of the sheep showes the sins of Amir and how he tries to redeem himself. It enriches the novel and gives the readers a better understanding of the novel. The themes of violence, friendship, and the quest for redemption stands out, due to these techniques; of imagery and symbolism.

Compare and Contrast A Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy and The Monkeys Pa

Compare and Contrast A Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy and The Monkey's Paw by W.W. Jacobs In this essay I am going to explain the similarities and differences between 'The withered arm' and 'The monkeys paw'. Both of these texts were written before 1914 by two different people. Thomas Hardy wrote 'The withered arm' and W.W. Jacobs wrote 'A monkeys paw'. The withered arm is a short story about a milkmaid who had an affair with a high class farmer. When the farmer gets a new wife, the milkmaid becomes jealous. In a nightmare, the milkmaid who is called Rhoda Brooks sees the new wife she had been obsessing over for the past few days in a horrific apparition gloats over her new husband. In this nightmare Rhoda grabs the apparition and feels her arm as if it were real as she throws the spectre to the floor. The ghost is gone when she looks down. The farmers' new wife, the next day, finds a new mark on her forearm in the shape of a hand in the same place that Rhoda had grabbed the apparition. Rhoda and Gertrude, the farmers' wife soon become good friends as her arm becomes increasingly more serious. Eventually Gertrude persuades Rhoda to get her to take her to a conjurer called conjurer Trendle who is a local magic man. Eventually Rhoda takes her and conjurer Trendle gives her advice but does not give a solution to her trouble. They return home to the village. A year later after Rhoda and her son had left the village Gertrud's arm is becoming steadily worse and she is using all types of potions and magick on it but nothing seems to make it any worse so she goes to see conjurer Trendle for one last time. This time he gives her a solution, she must touch the neck of a recently hanged man while the body is... ...ell in the rural setting of A withered arm. The time frame for each story is also different, the monkeys paw all takes place over a few weeks where as a withered arm has the story lasting for over a year. The time frame they are set in gives them a big difference as it distinguishes one from the other easily. I think that the story which is most striking out of these two has to be The monkeys paw. This story is a better length to not take a while to read and the plot seems better as a whole. Each character seems to have obviously different personalities that they use all the time and these are distinctly separate from the characters of a withered arm. I like the way that the ending of this story is a cliff hanging, we are not told what Herbert looks like after he was brought back to life we are just told about the sigh of dismay from Mr Whites wife.

Role of Media

â€Å"Electronic Media† are those communication mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and most often distinguished from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public worldwide include radio, sound recordings, television, video recording and streaming internet content† . It denotes, â€Å"the main means of communicating with large number of people, especially television, radio, internet and satellite†. The electronic media have four basic functions; to inform, entertain, educate and influence the public opinion.The 20th century can be termed as the century of communication. The main mean of mass communication grew in succession as the century unfolded. Motion pictures arrived on scene in the first decade of this century. Regular radio broadcasts started in 1920s. Television entered the arena in 1940s, followed by cable television in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. Lastly the perso nal computer gave access to Internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks through World Wide Web by the 1990s. Types of  Ã‚   electronic mediaRadio. In Pakistan like other developing countries, radio is the major source of information and entertainment due to its reach to the far flung areas and being relatively economical. Broadcasts carry news, analyses, commentaries and advertisements. This medium, however, is losing attraction in the public. Television. TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than other elements of electronic media has become the strongest form of media to perform all four functions, i. e. information, education, influence and entertainment. Internet.Internet is the latest addition into the elements of medium of electronic communication. It is swiftly bringing a historic shift in the dynamics and profile of the global information sector. The medium also provides instant access to the largest data bases and archives of infor mation around the world. 1. 6   The media and the ground realities The most critical obligation of electronic media is to act as the custodian of the facts. There are certain realities and electronic media’s mindset and peculiarities, which to some extent are universal.The electronic media is a business, a billion dollar industry and thus its primary motive remains to earn money and not harmonize the society. Due to intense competition in the field of electronic media industry, media has to be competitive; to be â€Å"Exclusive and First†. The electronic media often looks for controversy, sensationalism and negative news to make headlines. In some cases the electronic  Ã‚   media feels that it has the right to interpret what is good or bad for society using its own standards.The electronic Media was primarily and popularly used by our previous regimes as tool of self propaganda, the quality of news poor, unreliable and un-imaginative presentation of events and stor ies, ultimately losing the confidence of general public. Introduction of Satellite TV, Cable and Private Channels and Dish widened the scope of awareness of people. The Government of Pakistan realized the sensitivity and potential of private electronic media which could not be avoided through State controlled TV only.The governmental policies regarding electronic media   took a different direction, to regulate this sector. 1. 7  Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority The objective of PEMRA was to regulate the electronic media i. e. Radio and TV. This was necessitated by the decision to allow a large number of private TV and radio channels. The Ordinance also gives a Code of Conduct for media broadcasters/ cable TV operators. â€Å"This Regulatory Body was established under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002, having the following goals in mind†Ã‚   i)  Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment. i)  Enlarge the choice available to the people of Pak istan in the media for news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art, culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector concerns, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and national interest. iii)  Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and power to the grass roots by improving the access of the people to mass media at the local and community level. iv)  Ensure accountability, transparency and good governance by optimization of the free flow of information. . SECTION-2 FAULT LINES IN NATIONAL COHESION AND INTEGRATION . 1  What is National Integration? The concept of National Integration is subject to a wide range of interpretations. However, two definitions which catch the essential spirit of the concept include, â€Å"The creation of a National Political System which supersedes or incorporates all the regional sub-cultures† , and the creation of a â€Å"Common national consciousness, a common national consensus and a common national i dentity† . These two definitions appear adequate for working purposes as they underline both the political as well as the socio-cultural ingredients of the process of integration.National cohesion refers to the bonds or â€Å"glue† that binds members of society, community or other groups together. The most obvious bonds are ideological, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and historic. However, the homogeneity of a nation is no guarantee of successfully bonding together as a cohesive whole. â€Å"The extent of the threat posed to the integrity of a state by the multiplicity of languages, races, religions etc. , depends on a variety of factors but there are basically two requisites (conflict of ideology and economic decline) which must be present before a country may be deemed to be faced with a problem of national disunity.    The Pakistani society is in transition, and it faces challenges but still the national interest is to make Pakistan as a unity-in-diversit y and there is an ever-growing need to develop a harmonious society. â€Å"The balance sheet of social changes in Pakistani society over the past half century has both cost and benefits. Pakistani society has split into class-cum-lifestyle segments. Its social institutions do not dovetail into each other; instead fissures of institutional lag run through them.Its cohesiveness has given way to the fragmentation and the erosion of value and moral consensus†. 2. 2  Fault Lines in National Cohesion and Integration in Pakistan Integration or cohesion is an ideal, â€Å"it is not a thing but a process. It is dynamism ruled by an inner necessity, being guided in a direction chosen by itself as a goal or rather a series of goals leading to a certain direction †. National integration and social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of its all members, minimize disparities and avoid polarization.A cohesive society is mutually supportive community of free individuals, pursuing these common goals by democratic means. National integration and social cohesion is at risk in Pakistan because of many impeding factors, which originate within the country or influenced by external reasons. It may also be a complex outcome of interaction between the country forces and stresses and influences of global scenario. The socio-political factors and socio-economic factors as listed below have contributed to cause fault lines in national cohesion and integration. 2.   Socio-Political Factors Intolerance and near absence of civic responsibility, now manifested in our society is indeed the outcome of a hierarchical structure and social barriers, further and enforced by policy approaches in the 80s. Politicizing of religion and language is one major source of fractionalization. â€Å"Presently, the culture and society of Pakistan are in the grip of an unprecedented upheaval. In the post 9/11 world, the political, religious, and the social dynamics in Pakistan have been under major internal transformation and intense international scrutiny.Ethnic and sectarian violence which ravaged the country for the last two decades has sharply polarized the society. Various Islamic religious groups jostle violently for power. Religious faith, usually a matter of personal redemption, is flagrantly flaunted and a stunning lack of tolerance for difference increasingly defines Pakistani society. † Constitutional Crisis. The non-agreement and lack of consensus on various revisions and amendments in 1973 constitution remained a contentious issue among the federating units since long.The delayed process of reconciliation and agreement, on this only document to govern the state is a serious threat to national cohesion and integration. Provincialism. Imbedded strides of sub national identities engraved into the fabric of the provinces pose an existential threat to national cohesion. This issue is even more pronounced in case of smaller provinces like Khyber Pukhtunwa and Balochistan. Identity crisis prevailing with in the provinces is tarnishing the very physiology of democracy in essence and in dispensation at National level.There are contradictions between national and provincial interests, particularly in matte relating to language, ethnicity, identity, and power. There are small Political groups and movements agitating for their rights, including Baloch issue. Nevertheless, such provincial or regional sentiments swirl within the national cultural pool. Sectarian Intolerance. The division of society on the basis of sects, tribes, colour and creed gives rise to intolerance towards other sects. The violence on sectarianism basis is on the rise. The religious intolerance and extremism, and over emphasis on religious dentities due to that   Pakistani society is facing continuous challenge of terrorism in the name of religion and belief. Political Process and Direction. The directionless political system rarely delivers to the satisfaction of voters. Various derivations of political process have no regard for national objectives and national interests and efforts for achievement of these goals for the country are hardly visible. The political system as a whole is driven by conflicting vested interests. The political parties lack democratic norms in their rank and file.Leadership Style and Direction. The political leadership as a whole has failed to satisfy the masses. The trust deficit between the leadership and the people has widened, and is increasing with the passage of time. The social and political positions of so-called ruling elites are just a symbol of false pride without much regard for vision and justice. Non-State Actors. Unorganized political parties have increased the influence of non-state actors in national politics, thereby vested interests are perpetuated, at the cost of national interests. Challenges to the Writ of the Government.The manifestation of this divide is the challenge to the writ of the State in FATA and Malakand Division where state infrastructure of governance has been uprooted, the power elite has been eliminated (either by murder or forced migration) new and parallel structures have been created and the application of Constitution is challenged. â€Å"The so-called Islamic fundamentalists have always been influential in the largely poor, illiterate, and rural Pakistan society. These groups represent a variety of power centres based on an array of belief systems from within Islam.Historically, none of these groups have had much success at the ballot box, but with a strong core of ‘true believers’ with blind faith and unflinching allegiance, they have often been able to display enough Street power to disrupt civil life. Since the war of independence in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s, these religious groups have been encouraged and aided by the government of Pakistan and the US State Department. As a result they have ‘flo urished and proliferated under the exhilarating notion of jihad.The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been porous for centuries because of the unusual terrain that facilitates traffic and a common tribal ethos that informs the lives of the bordering populace. With the rapid and fearsome Talibanization of Afghanistan and the Mullahisation of Pakistan, the borders for all practical and ideological purposes dissolved, and these processes played a vital role in the fluctuating social ethos of Pakistan. †Ã‚   War against Terrorism. The country is facing various challenges.The multiple threats and constant pressures are very serious since post 9/11 due to Pakistan’s commitment with West for fight against terrorism. This involvement is viewed as being done to oblige the West. The suicidal attacks and drone attacks are the result of this involvement. Feudalism / Tribalism. In Pakistan the feudal and tribal society where rights of human being are violated is a matter o f concern, people are not free to express their desire to govern. In such circumstances the leadership style is power centred and feudal in character, this leadership enjoys respect because of fear, and not because of trust. National and regional culture has, at various times, interwoven and competed with each other. In times when centralization is the ideological thrust, national themes and institutions are in the ascendancy, but when the pendulum swings toward decentralization, regional and ethnic societies and cultures reassert their autonomy. The political ideologies and movements that shift the balance between national and regional social and cultural systems are the markers of Pakistan’s social change. †Ã‚   Role of Madrassa.There is little control of government over madrassas in the country, these madras do pose a threat to the cohesion of the society in Pakistan, if not regulated adequately. . 2. 4. Socio – Economic Factors Socio – Economic dispari ties. The poverty and inflation has caused disparities in the society. The people living below the poverty line have increased in number. The unemployment and low income has caused economic imbalance in the society. The division of society and decline in socio-economic standards have adversely impacted the quality of life. Bad Governance. Undemocratic & non-participatory governance. . The perception of governance leading to good governance is flouted; concepts of transparency and accountability are misleading in Pakistani experience.The accountability is selective and by choice, its aim is not to reform the society of negative practices, but to benefit the fittest and powerful. The people have no faith in the system of governance and accountability. Violation of Human Rights. The human rights violation is on the increase, the weaker segments of the population even do not get the rights given in the constitution and the irony remains ignorance on their part of basic rights bestow ed by the constitution. The perception of women as having a lower status at all levels is the principle barrier in the way of gender equality and is reinforced by customary practises and the laws of the land. Women education, health, labour force participation, mobility, decision making etc, all reflect the unique situation of women in Pakistan. † Personal Security Perception. The constant engagement of population in this war against terrorism has changed its perception of personal security. The people have doubts about the success of governmental policies. Loyalty towards State /individualistic behaviour.The notion of loyalty towards state is blurred, people’s expectation of justice and fair play are shattered, and therefore, their loyalty towards State is also undermined. The individualism has replaced collectivism; the bigger societal group is vanished. The conflicts of values, beliefs, and other sociological imbalances has damaged the national fabric and has caused segmentation on the basis of caste and class   Justice and Rule of law. The justice is uncertain; the rules of game are settled by abuse of power. The respect for justice is linked with status and position of the seeker.The attitude towards Rule of Law is very negative, law breaking is considered as a pride for the powerful. Due to delayed justice people have lost hope in the system to get justice. Violence against Women and minorities  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Many Analysts are in agreement that women’s poor status as well as poverty is rooted in social and cultural organization of society†. The rights of the women are abused, and such abuse is referred to the culture and customs and here- say, this victimization is devoid of any ideological, religious and legal and Constitutional basis.The religious minorities are threatened and do face violence at their religious places, thereby show concern of threat and personal security. â€Å"Empowering women is a challenge, requires changes in the existing class and caste based structure and it needs a focused and active public delivery system to ensure that resources and opportunities earmarked for women reach them† Mistrust in Criminal Justice System. The people do not have trust in criminal justice system, and lack of trust generates uncertainty and confusion in the society. â€Å"In Pakistani society, the udiciary plays a pivotal role in articulating and enforcing rules of conduct for its citizens. The judiciary derives its legitimacy and power from the constitution. † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ?SECTION-3 ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN 3. 1  Electronic media’s impact on Pakistani society In Pakistan the electronic media is providing information at a very large scale. It is being recognized as contributing significantly in important national issues. It has a   role in   accountability process . The Ptv is pursuing an agenda of social responsibility there are two main challenges of sustainability of democracy and good governance face by the country.In such a scenario, role of media is to facilitate the democracy. â€Å"The social impact of communication and media has seeped deep into social and cultural institutions, paradoxically reviving traditions as well as introducing new practices. Like other processes, communication and information media are bound up with other socio- economic forces, thus making them a strong current of social change. †Ã‚   The electronic media has created markets resulting in the employment of greater work force in gathering, processing and disseminating information.The electronic media have a vital role to play in the present day world in Pakistan. The independent electronic media can demonstrate better performance to provide good quality information with its wider reach. â€Å"Private channels highlight causes of mis- governance and bring them to the attention of those who are responsible. They can raise public awareness about what the public itself should also do to ensure good governance whether it is correct payment of taxes and bills or issues such as tax avoidance. Such practices should be discouraged and the media has a duty to learn from other countries how this is being done.Private sector media have an enormous educative and mobilizing role to play when it comes to what society do and certainly with respect to highlighting the social responsibility of the media and the citizens. †Ã‚   â€Å"How does Pakistani society hold together despite its ethnic divisions, segmented classes, and fragmented institutions? What are the processes that maintain its social cohesion? This two-part question raises a critical issue about some semblance of functional equilibrium of society. †Ã‚   The electronic media role ive new direction to social behaviour, â€Å"by changing the boundaries of social situations, electronic media do not simply give us quicker or more thorough access to e vents and behaviours. They give us instead, new events and new behaviour. † Following are some of the roles, both Negative and positive being played by electronic media in Pakistan. 3. 2  Positive impact of electronic media The electronic media direct social change and values. The electronic media may be successful in stimulating the change in the tightly held ideas and rigid attitudes to bring desired change.The media can give direction to social change, and positively guide the society towards the desired goals. The electronic media and   Policy Dialogue. The electronic media can greatly facilitate this exercise and help the people and government to discuss the issues concerning society, to fulfil their desires and achieve their respective objectives. In Pakistan, the people frequently need to be taken into confidence for the initiation of new policies and initiatives. The objective discussion on political and policy issues media can generate support of people for polici es of the government..Social problems and media. The social problems of our society revolve around ignorance, traditionalism and backwardness. The Pakistani society is in transition, social and ethnic issues have become hard, it happens in many societies, but need to be averted in tolerance. It is an established fact that blaming circumstances, whether disorders or external factors, for what is happening for Pakistan is not going to do any good for Pakistan’s survival as a dignified an honourable nation. The electronic media can partly address the challenge of societal transformation.The effect of media on national issues. The electronic media has also been highlighting financial irregularities, corrupt practices and inefficiencies of the government functionaries and negative fallouts on the society of the acts of the extremist elements to adopt an appropriate strategy for their eradication. â€Å"The media have a measurable effect on public affairs. In the matter of local, national, economic and social issues, they help to create an informed citizenry by clarifying the complex matters of public affairs which exist at the local and national levels.The formation of public opinion towards the civic problems is generated. †Ã‚   As such the media give the public a better understanding of these issues with which it must deal and influence those who have to resolve these issues. Electronic media communication and information Identification of social problems has always been a difficult job as they fall into a grey area and consequently hard to be known. â€Å"Advances in communication and information dissemination, such as television, videos, Internet, and CDs, have increased the circulation of ideas, symbols, and images across national and regional borders.People have access to new sources of news, facts, and entertainment. These media help rationalize, redirect, or impede changes that are underway through economic and social development. † 3. 3  Negative impact of electronic media Objectivity and Electronic Media. The objectivity of media is becoming increasingly questionable, the coverage of issues of national interest demand care and restraint. The media in Pakistan is devoid of objectivity, and just telecast such incidents that sometime are not factual. â€Å"The very nature of media is subjective and selective, and therefore suppressive.The general electronic media content do cover non-event-centric aspects of life in Pakistan. There is an imbalanced fixation with events, incidents, accidents and statements. † In order to improve their ratings and enhance viewers ship, the tool of sensationalism is used. What is important is to think as to what is being done to own sensibilities and social and moral values. Causing Desperation amongst Nation. These days no news is good news on Pakistani media. Media has taken away the sense of hope from the masses and has made them over sensitive to their surroundings.Commer cialism and Electronic Media. In today’s world, there is a cross commercialization of the electronic media. Commercially driven, ultra-powerful media primarily serves their sponsors rather than the public. Pakistani media is following the saying, ‘We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art; we have no obligation to make a   positive statement, to make money is our only objective. Electronic Media and Talk Shows   Generally the talk shows do not meet basic tests of responsible journalism; fairness, objectivity, balance and differentiation between fact and speculation.Honest discussion must be ruled by reason, not emotion alone. Most anchors try to impose their own perspective, instead of objectivity. â€Å"However, unfortunately, this role has moved from delineation to distortion. In essence, distortion is in-built into the very nature of media as it is unable to represent totality of given situation. Therefore, media managers in any on going situation in a society should strive to minimize that inherent tendency to distort. †Ã‚  Ã‚   Polarisation of the Society.In some instances, the electronic media is accessed by a small segment of society; due to vested interests this group projects its identity disproportionately. The media coverage of such groups is likely to create a  Ã‚   polarized society. Negative Projection of the Country. All events and happenings in Pakistan are not bad. On the contrary sometime nothing positive is discussed in the electronic media. The projection of crimes and anti- social elements all the time is eroding and diminishing the contours of our true identity across the globe. Pursuance of Foreign Agenda.It is believed that some of Pakistani media has reportedly links with shady foreign characters, are being funded by different foreign elements and their anchors are on their pay rolls and thus are furthering their anti- state agendas. ======================= PREFACE Being participa nt of 92nd   National Management Course   at the National Management College of the National School of Public Policy, Lahore, I am assigned the topic of Individual Research Paper titled, â€Å"Growth and Development of Electronic Media in Pakistan: How it can Enhance National Cohesion and Integration? . The growth of electronic media over past few decades is very rapid in Pakistan. The media can impact public opinion in a significant manner. In Pakistan the national integration and cohesion, is indeed a serious issue, which needs to be analyzed. The media’s extraordinary growth can impact this problem. The media is being considered as a fourth pillar of the state. . In this study a sincere effort has been made in a comprehensive but concise way to analyze the dimensions of â€Å"fault lines† in national cohesion and integration that occurred during the last over 60 years.The role of electronic media to enhance the national cohesion and integration has been analyze d in this study. The same has been analyzed in historical, socio-political, socio-economic, governance and leadership context. From this analysis, a starting point, as I perceive can be made to think various aspects concerning national cohesion and integration. In the end the analysis is concluded and some  Ã‚   recommendations have been made. . I am grateful and deeply indebted to professional guidance extended by Dr.Sikander Hayat, Dean National School of Public Policy, for his encouragement at all stages in carrying out this research and making it possible. I am grateful to Mrs. Rashida Bokhari for her vision and hard work in guiding me on the theme of the paper during the process. She was always critical but professional in her outlook that enabled me to complete this research as per requirements. I am thankful to Prof. Sajjad Naseer and Dr Riffat S. Hussain, for sharing socio political outlook and focused in depth analysis of Pakistani Society. I am also grateful to Ms. Naeem a and her team for the assistance extended for library research.